Resources (Device Simulations)

Concepts

The simulations for resources are leaning on general concepts of the [S2 standard].

Control Types

The control of resources and such what a resource simulation will simulate follows three basic control principles:

Operation Mode Based Control (OMBC)
Fill Rate Based Control (FRBC)
Demand Driven Based Control (DDBC)

Although these control principles differ enough to separate them into three distinct control types, there are some common aspects that make them similar:

Operation Modes
Transitions and
Timers.

The objective for a control type is under which circumstances what things can be adjusted, and what the constraints are for these adjustments. The three control types model a virtual, abstract resource for simulation.

The abstract resource ignores all details of pyhsical device that are not relevant to energy management. In addition, physical devices have an enormous variety in parameters, sensors, control strategies, concerns, safeguards, and so on. It would be practically impossible to develop a simulation that can understand all the parameters of all the physical devices on the market. By making the resource more abstract, its concepts can be translated to all sorts of physical devices, even though internally they function very differently. As a consequence, it not always possible to make a 100% accurate description of all the behaviors and constraints in these abstractions. But the abstractions used in the control types are quite powerful, and should allow you to come pretty close.

The control types basically define how the simulated resource can be described. The user in the end selects the proper desciption of a physical device using the configuration options provided for resource simulations. The configuration sets how the simulated resource functions, what it can do and what kind of constraints it has.

Resource Simulation

Based on the description of this virtual resource, the resource simulation can make predictions of what the physical device will do in certain situations, and when it is allowed to execute instructions generated by the optimization as part of the energy management plan evaluation.

Resource Status

Once the physical device has changed it’s behavior, the resource simulation should be informed to make the simulation change it’s state accordingly.

The actual state of a pyhsical device may be reported to the resource simulation by the PUT /v1/resource/status API endpoint.

Battery

There is a wealth of possible battery operation modes:

Mode	Purpose / Behavior	Typical Trigger / Context
IDLE	Battery neither charges nor discharges (SOC stable).	No active control objective or power imbalance below thresholds.
SELF_CONSUMPTION	Charge from PV surplus and discharge to cover local load.	PV generation > load (charge) or load > PV (discharge).
NON_EXPORT	Charge from on-site or local surplus with the goal of minimizing or preventing energy export to the external grid. Discharging to the grid is not allowed.	Export limit reached and SOC < SOC_max.
PEAK_SHAVING	Discharge to keep grid import below a target threshold.	Predicted or measured site load exceeds peak limit.
GRID_SUPPORT_EXPORT	Discharge energy to grid for revenue (V2G, wholesale market, flexibility service).	Market or signal permits profitable export.
GRID_SUPPORT_IMPORT	Charge from grid to absorb surplus or provide up-regulation service.	Low-price or grid-support signal detected.
FREQUENCY_REGULATION	Rapid charge/discharge response to grid frequency deviations.	Active participation in frequency control.
RAMP_RATE_CONTROL	Smooth site-level power ramp rates by buffering fluctuations.	Sudden PV/load change exceeding ramp limit.
RESERVE_BACKUP	Maintain SOC ≥ reserve threshold to ensure backup capacity.	Resilience mode active, grid operational.
OUTAGE_SUPPLY	Islanded operation: power local loads using stored energy (and PV if available).	Grid failure detected.
FORCED_CHARGE	Manual or external control command to charge (e.g., pre-event, maintenance). No discharge.	Operator or optimizer command.
FORCED_DISCHARGE	Manual or external control command to discharge. No charge.	Operator or optimizer command.
FAULT	Battery unavailable due to fault, safety, or protection state.	Fault detected (thermal, voltage, comms, etc.).

The optimization algorithm, the device simulation and the configuration properties only support the most important of these modes.

Battery Simulation

The battery simulation assumes an idealized battery model. Under this model, the battery can be operated in three discrete operation modes with fill rate based control (FRBC):

Operation Mode ID	Description
SELF_CONSUMPTION	Charge from local surplus and discharge to cover local load.
NON_EXPORT	Charge from local surplus and do not discharge.
FORCED_CHARGE	Charge.

The operation mode factor (0.0–1.0) specifies the normalized power rate relative to the battery’s nominal maximum charge or discharge power. A value of 1.0 corresponds to full-rate charging or discharging, while 0.0 indicates no power transfer. Intermediate values scale the power proportionally.

The fill level (0.0–1.0) specifies the normalized fill level relative to the battery’s nominal maximum charge. A value of 1.0 corresponds to full while 0.0 indicates empty. Intermediate values scale the fill level proportionally.

Battery Configuration

Battery Stati

To keep the battery simulation in synchonization with the actual stati of the battery the following resource stati may be reported to EOS by the PUT /v1/resource/status API endpoint.

Battery FRBCActuatorStatus

The operation mode the battery is currently operated.

{
  "type": "FRBCActuatorStatus",
  "active_operation_mode_id": "GRID_SUPPORT_IMPORT",
  "operation_mode_factor": "0.375",
  "previous_operation_mode_id": "SELF_CONSUMPTION",
  "transistion_timestamp": "20250725T12:00:12"
}

Battery FRBCStorageStatus

The current battery state of charge (SoC).

{
  "type": "FRBCStorageStatus",
  "present_fill_level": "0.88"
}

Battery PowerMeasurement

The current power that the battery is charged or discharged with [W].

{
  "type": "PowerMeasurement",
  "measurement_timestamp": "20250725T12:00:12",
  "values": [
    {
      "commodity_quantity": "ELECTRIC.POWER.L1",
      "value": "887.5"
    },
    {
      "commodity_quantity": "ELECTRIC.POWER.L2",
      "value": "905.5"
    },
    {
      "commodity_quantity": "ELECTRIC.POWER.L2",
      "value": "1100.7"
    },
  ]
}

For symmetric (or unknown) power distribution:

{
  "type": "PowerMeasurement",
  "measurement_timestamp": "20250725T12:00:12",
  "values": [
    {
      "commodity_quantity": "ELECTRIC.POWER.3_PHASE_SYM",
      "value": "1000"
    }
  ]
}

Electric Vehicle

The electric vehicle is basically a battery with a reduced set of operation modes.

Electric Vehicle Instructions

The electric vehicle control instructions assume an idealized EV battery model. Under this model, the EV battery can be operated in two operation modes:

Operation Mode ID	Description
IDLE	Battery neither charges nor discharges; holds its state of charge.
FORCED_CHARGE	Charge at a specified power rate up to the allowable maximum.

The operation mode factor (0.0–1.0) specifies the normalized power rate relative to the battery’s nominal maximum charge power. A value of 1.0 corresponds to full-rate charging, while 0.0 indicates no power transfer. Intermediate values scale the power proportionally.

Home Appliance

The optimization algorithm supports one start of the home appliance within the optimization horizon.

Home Appliance Simulation

Home Appliance Configuration

Home appliance to run within the optimization horizon.

[
  {
    "device_id": "dishwasher1",
    "consumption_wh": 2000,
    "duration_h": 3
  }
]

Home appliance to run within a time window of 5 hours starting at 8:00 every day and another time window of 3 hours starting at 15:00 every day. See Time Window Sequence Configuration for more information.

[
  {
    "device_id": "dishwasher1",
    "consumption_wh": 2000,
    "duration_h": 3,
    "time_windows": {
      "windows": [
        {
          "start_time": "08:00",
          "duration": "5 hours"
        },
        {
          "start_time": "15:00",
          "duration": "3 hours"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
]

Note

The optimization algorithm always restricts to one start within the optimization horizon per energy management run.

Home Appliance Instructions

The home appliance instructions assume an idealized home appliance model. Under this model, the home appliance can be operated in two operation modes:

Operation Mode ID	Description
RUN	The home appliance is started and runs until the end of it’s power
	sequence.
IDLE	The home appliance does not run.

The operation mode factor (0.0–1.0) is ignored.